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When acetylene undergoes cyclic trimerization to form benzene, problems such as low yield, excessive by-products, and severe polymerization occur, which are all typical phenomena and not due to operational errors.
Direct high-temperature polymerization of acetylene easily results in the formation of linear polymers rather than cyclic benzene. Without a catalyst, the reaction selectivity is extremely poor, and the reaction is highly exothermic, which can easily lead to system instability. It is difficult to achieve targeted ring closure to obtain the target product under ordinary heating conditions.
A transition metal catalyst must be used to achieve precise cyclic trimerization, and appropriate temperature and pressure must be controlled to efficiently obtain benzene.
Commonly used catalysts such as Ni, Co, and Nb are reacted at 70-150℃ and under normal pressure to 1.5MPa. Three molecules of acetylene can undergo one-step ring closure to form benzene without the need for other carbon sources and intermediate steps.
By controlling the type of catalyst, reaction temperature, and pressure, acetylene can be synthesized with high selectivity to form benzene in one step.
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