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The Fermi level of sulfonated cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPcS) is approximately -4.8 to -5.1 eV (relative to the vacuum level).
The Fermi level, HOMO/LUMO offset, and test condition fluctuations of sulfonated cobalt phthalocyanine are typical phenomena and are not due to operational errors.
The introduction of strong electron-withdrawing -SO₃⁻ in sulfonation leads to an overall lowering of the energy level; the film state, aggregated state, substrate, and pH all affect the Fermi level, and the literature values are slightly different.
Typical reference values (solid-state film):
Fermi level E_F ≈ -4.9 to -5.0 eV
HOMO ≈ -5.4 to -5.7 eV
LUMO ≈ -3.4 to -3.7 eV
Band gap E_g ≈ 2.0 to 2.2 eV
Measurement method: UPS, KP (Kelvin probe), electrochemical CV (convert E_F ≈ -(4.8 + E_ox)).
Influencing factors: sulfonation degree, substitution position, aggregated state, pH, ionic strength, substrate work function.
To stabilize and measure consistent energy levels, it is necessary to control the uniformity of film formation, remove moisture, maintain an inert environment, and calibrate the potential.
